JavaScript - number

// there are no separate types for integers and floating points numbers in JS
// only one type for both is used i.e. 'number'
// when you assign some variable or constant a number, its type become number

let num1 = 10;
console.log('value of num1 = ' + num1);
console.log('typoe of num1 = ' + typeof num1);

// though above used syntax is more common, but we can create
// a number type variable using Number function too. like below:
// below syntax is useful when you want to create 'number' variable
// from string or others. we can pass that to Number function.

let num2 = Number(20);
console.log('num2 = ' +  num2);

// we can call this method passing string and other types too
// in case of other types, its string equivalent would be used
// to create number.

num2 = Number("30");
console.log('now value of num2 = ' + num2);


// like string, primitive type 'number' has also a corresponding 
// wrapper reference type i.e. 'Number'
// we can create a Number object calling the Number constructor
// using new operator

let num3 = new Number(40);

// as its not created by simple assignment or Number function
// now its type of object. Lets print

console.log('typoe of num3 = ' + typeof num3);

// in arithmetic expressions, the object is implicitly 
// converted to primitive type. like below:

console.log('result = ' + (num3 + 5));


// when comparing numbers, you must be clear about:
// do you want to compare value only or type also
// the type of both operands

// below I have compared using == operator
// num1 is 10, at this moment

if (num1 == "10") 
  console.log("equal"); // equal be printed    
else 
  console.log("not equal");

// you see, one of the operant was string type, but it still generated true
// using == operator, the non numeric types are implicitly converted to number 
// and then comparison is performed. if you want to compare the value and type 
// both, use === operator, like below

if (num1 === "10")
  console.log("equal"); 
else 
  console.log("not equal"); // no equal would be printed, though value is same but type is different


// if one operand in comparison expression is primitive number 
// and other is Number object. the object would be implicitly converted to 
// primitive number ... called unboxing

// comparing referece types
num6 = new Number(10);
num7 = 10;

if (num6 == num7) 
  console.log("objects are equal"); // this would be printed
else 
  console.log("objects are not equal");


// when both operands are objects, JS engine compares their 
// references, as they are reference types. and not the value
// so, though the num6 and num7 both are assigned the same valye
// i.e. 10 but because they are different objects in memory. 
// so when comparing their references, it would generate false

num7 = new Number(10);
if (num6 == num7) 
  console.log("objects are equal"); 
else 
  console.log("objects are not equal"); // this would be printed


// for such cases you can explicitly convert one or both operands to 
// primitive types, like below:

if (num6 == num7.valueOf())
  console.log("now its equal");   // this would be printed
else 
  console.log("its not equal");


// if in some function you got an argument, and for some reason you need to check the type
// you can use instanceof operator

if (num3 instanceof Number) 
  console.log("num3 of Number object. not a primitive number");
else 
  console.log("num3 is not a Number object");
  

// when we apply instanceof operator on primitive, it generates false

if (num1 instanceof Number)
  console.log("num1 of Number object. not primitive number");
else 
  console.log("num1 is not Number object");